Editing Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Editing Research Paper - Essay Example The onset of the so-called global village has necessitated the need for students to acquire an international experience, so as to be able to function as career men and women in a world that is rapidly becoming more and more interlinked. The notion of a â€Å"global perspective† has replaced the old global dream of a â€Å"world order.† The global village perspective emphasizes interdependence among all the nations of the world. Numerous new concepts serve as evidence of international interdependence that today’s students cannot avoid. These include the competitive pressures that have resulted due to globalization of economies, the linguistic and cultural challenges encountered in international business, the massive impact of 9/11 that the world feels to this day, international environmental challenges such as the negative ecological effect of global warming, and technologically facilitated telephonic and internet communications. Since the end of the Second World War, interactions and activities that essentially took place within the borders of a single state are increasingly taking place across national boundaries. Examples include business relationships, employment, professional associations, and family and social connections. This ongoing process of globalization has presented new pressures to individuals to competently engage in the free flow of commerce, communication, and ideas across national boundaries. To this effect, studying abroad serves as a way of preparing students to function effectively in this globalized society (Williamson 28-32). The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages. The world is becoming increasingly globalized; therefore, studying in a foreign country is beneficial because it enables students to learn new languages and cultures, obtain exposure which widens their level of thinking, and learn to

Current legal event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current legal event - Essay Example When the order made concerns the businesses, it either leads to a negative impact or a positive impact to the businesses. Such orders have occurred in the United States of America in the year 2012 and the beginning of the year 2013. For instance the president Barack Obama gave an executive order on 12/2/2013 on the legal interpretation to the companies that manage internet activities (Klein, 2012,23). He ordered that the companies should have an insurance coverage that currently exists so that they may be secured from other risks that would affect their operation. This insurance cover, the cyber liability policy, would protect these companies from losses that may result from either the third party or the second party since it would permit them the access to identify the information of customers that transmit computer viruses to the other business partners (Klein, 2012, 31). Therefore due to this order, companies that would be found without such an insurance cover would face governmen t fines or charges. They would in addition respond to the costs used by the government to carry the investigation especially when any breach of conduct is discovered. Some companies accepted this order while others claimed that the penalties were too high and this would not make them reach a wider market. Another ruling came from the Supreme Court on 28/6/2012 that ordered an expansion of Medicaid with governors and the implementation of health insurance exchange. The ruling was to instruct all the individuals that that were under the department of health and human service to design the benefit package for the covered individuals. The expansion policy was also meant for all the states. In addition the governors had requested the federal government to give states flexibility to expand Medicaid. The penalty for not securing health insurance cover was also enforced, to regulate commerce among the state. This order was dismissed by some companies which claimed that it compelled citizens to be participants in the commercial market that would shift them from healthcare market. Therefore the healthcare market would go down as A result. However the provision also prevented the insurance company from refusing persons with the preexisting conditions and to charge their based on the persons medical back ground. Therefore it forced the insurance companies under the health care to reduce their premium rates (Klein, 2012, 27). The court also produced an act, validity of mandatory arbitration clause, on27/2/2013 that provided a legal shield to the corporations who steal from their customers. It forced consumers to give up their constitutional rights of bringing disputes against defendants as class actions, to give immunity to corporation which steal small amount of money across many individual customers. These made the customers to lose hope with such corporations due to lack of trust hence the corporations loosed their customers. Question 2 The legal events will have a sign ificant impact on the businesses because their rights are being protected and catered for. When the federal government gives an order that favors businesses, they get encouraged to involve more on the business activities. For instance the order that was given to the companies that manage internet facilities, which required them to take an insurance cover

Reflective case study in counselling

Reflective case study in counselling Part I: Case Assessment Report New Territories West Integrated Family Services Centre Case Assessment Report A. Basic Case Information Name of Client: Madam CHAN Sex/ Age of Client: F/36 Name of Worker: Dada Wong Nature of case: Counseling B. Presenting Problem Madam CHAN reported that she has been suffering from low mood, loss of appetite, headaches and insomnia for over a month. She had also lost motivation in doing household chores and would cry sometimes without reasons. C. Social History 1. Genogram 2. Family background Case client, Madam CHAN, moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong 5 years ago. She married with her husband, Mr. LEE, in Mainland China. They have one son, two daughters in total, and living together. Son is 12 years old, will become F. 1 student in secondary school, and daughters are 8 years old and 3 months respectively. Madam Chan got pregnancy last year and Mr. Lee suggested Madam Chan to have abortion but she refused. She insisted to give birth of the youngest daughter because she thinks it belongs to her. She expressed husband does not put much cares, include physical and financial, on the youngest daughter. Madam CHAN reported their marital relationship was fine when lived in Mainland China, but conflicts increase when move to Hong Kong. Client complains Mr. LEE sends most of his income for his parents in Mainland China and does not give much money for their family. They have arguments about this issue always. 3. Emotional condition Madam CHAN suffers from low mood, loss of appetite for over a month. She reported sometimes would cry without reasons and loss of motivation in doing housework at home. Emotional unstable when talking about her situation, she cried twice during the counseling process. 4. Health condition Client expresses loss of appetite, headaches and insomnia for over a month. She feels tired and lack of energy when at home, but no problem at working. 5. Financial condition Madam CHAN now works as a part-time waitress in restaurant, and responsible for taking orders and delivering dishes to customers. She earns around $5000 per month. Mr. LEE is an air-conditioner technician, earning around $12000 per month. Madam CHAN reports Mr. LEE does not contribute much income on own family, around $3000 per month, but gives most of money to his parents in Mainland China. She reported that most of the expenditures of family are supported by her own. 6. Supportive network Madam CHAN pays around $1000 each month for her younger sister to take care the baby when she goes to work. She expressed the money also viewed as a help to sister’s family. Client mentioned that her younger sister and brother have their own financial difficulties, therefore, she also needs to take the responsibility of parents’ financial supporting. Madam CHAN said she only visited for her parents two times after move to Hong Kong in five recent years. D. Case Analysis 1. Underlying problem Based on the information collected from counseling Madam CHAN, it is believed that her headaches and insomnia symptoms are closely related to the stress on family financial situation. Madam CHAN expressed worries of limited income from being part-time waitress, may not be sufficient for supporting the expenditure of whole family. She complained Mr. LEE giving most of the salaries for his parents in Mainland China but little for family expenditures and children. They argued for this issue many times after Madam CHAN moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong. She believes that family financial situation would be improved if Mr. LEE willing to share more monthly income to their family. She tried to ask for more financial supports from Mr. LEE but failed, and thought like begging from him. She feels angry about that and gives up trying anymore. For this reason, she believes she cannot reply on her husband. In addition, client complained Mr. LEE ignores the responsibilities of taking care of the children, especially the new born baby. On the other hand, based on the information got from Mr. LEE during interview, the third child is not he expected and wished. He believed the third child is a real burden on family financial aspect. He expressed the major reason of argument with Madam Chan is money distribution. 2. Assessment Counseling done. From the interviews, Madam CHAN presented the concern about the financial problem of family. She cried twice when talking about the issue of Mr. LEE sends most of the salaries to his family in Mainland China. She said, â€Å"Maybe our children are less valued than his family!†. That shows her anger about Mr. LEE behavior toward money distribution. She has expressed her worries about the maintenance of family income as one more child at home nowadays, expenses increase. She reported that feeling lack of energy when at home, suffering from low mood, headaches and insomnia for over a month, however, does not have these problems when working. It is believed that her physical discomfort symptoms like headaches and insomnia are due to the pressure and worries about family financial situation. From the interview with Mr. LEE, he expressed the new born baby is unplanned. He believes family situation in general would be better if without the third child. Mr. LEE expressed he has the money saving plan for children before, likes saving for their future study. That shows Mr. LEE willing to plan about the future of family. However, the new born makes the plan collapsed. He suggested Madam CHAN to have abortion but she insisted to preserve the baby. He was angry about that. Mr. LEE stated that Madam CHAN always ask for more money during the conversation. He has implied the new born may not belongs to him during the interview, but he did not explain further on this point. 3. Intervention It is believed that the emotional problem of Madam CHAN may due to the stresses on worrying about not able to take care of the children and maintain the family income at the same time. According to the information got from interview, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Approach would be appropriate to adopt in the intervention. CBT addresses the interactions between how we think, feel and behave (Somers, 2007). It believes that the peoples’ feelings, emotions, thoughts are the responses to the outside world. Therefore, one’s behaviors could be changed from changing their perception and cognition of the situation from the process of therapy (Somers, 2007). According to Hall Iqbal (2010), CBT could reduce the stress and anxiety level, and the related symptoms would be relieved when go through the therapy or treatment. CBT states that behaviours could be changed by changing perception. Therefore, the stress related symptoms of Madam CHAN, such as headaches and feeling lack o f energy, are expected be addressed if using CBT approach. E. Recommendation for Follow-up I would like to refer Madam CHAN for psychiatric consultation, to have medication treatments. It is necessary to relieve the physical discomfort of client immediately. Referral for psychiatric consultation was sent out. After addressing the problem of physical discomfort syndromes, it is recommend Madam CHAN to join education group about stress management in centre after having individual counseling, in order to learn the skill of handle stress in life. Counseling services in centre for Madam Chan keeps on for monitoring. CBT approach would be used on changing her perception about worrying the financial difficulties. For long term goal, joint interview and counseling of Madam CHAN and Mr. LEE is suggested for them. As both of Madam CHAN and Mr. LEE have plans on family future, thus, the joint interview would focus on encourage effective communication between each other, to discuss how to do the better distribution of family income. Signed by Intake Worker: _________Signed by Supervisor: _________ Date: _________ Date: _________ Reference Hall, K. Iqbal, F. (2010). The Problem with Cognitive Behavior Therapy. London: Karnac Book Company. Somers, J. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Core information document. Vancouver: Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University. . Part II: Self-evaluation From the role-play practice, it was a good experience for me to feel the dynamic between worker and client. Within the practice, several communication and counseling skills have been used. Several basic communication skills have been used in the counseling practice, such as Questioning, Reflection of feeling, and Paraphrasing and Clarifying. During the counseling process, open and closed also have been used. For the closed question, such as â€Å"Have you discussed with your wife about the income distribution of family?†, in order to know whether Mr. LEE and Madam Chan ever talked about the core problem. As Mr. LEE answer â€Å"No†, and following an open question of â€Å"Why?† to Mr. LEE, in order to know the reason and the dynamic between them. In addition, Reflection of feeling can let me to know the exact feelings of clients, to distinguish the feeling of disappointment or angry with Mr. LEE. The skill of Paraphrasing and Clarifying also help me to clarifying the meaning of Mr. LEE as he implied some wordings like he doubted about the baby is not belongs to him. I think it is important to clarify from him as it might be another core family issu e in this case. Empathy is also one of the important elements has been used during the counseling process because it can let me to engage with Madam CHAN. Once she feels I am a person who could understand her feelings, she becomes more willing to talk and share with me about real difficulties she is facing. Therefore, empathy is one of the core elements within the intervention process. On the other hand, I had made a mistake in the intervention. I presumed the client emotion and attitude would be gradually better after each session. I anticipate Madam CHAN would turn to understand and appreciate Mr. LEE who has planned about their family future in last session. Therefore, I prepared a lot of suggestions based on Madam CHAN who is ready for consensus with Mr. LEE. However, my expectation failed. Madam CHAN does not want to agree with Mr. LEE, my suggestions were not suitable for client and seems I was not able to engage with her. It may due to I ignored the factors that they may have dynamic interaction during the week between sessions. From this mistake, I have learned that, as a worker, we should not presume the behavior and attitude of client. We could not include all the factors outside the intervention session. Also, behaviors are changeable. It was a good opportunity for me to learn, worker should prepare for changes every moment Generally, I have urged client to change her mind and perception and ignore the emotional needs of client. As I would like to use CBT to be my intervention approach, to make client believes that the situation is not really bad and would like her to understand that Mr. LEE also planned for family future, I hope to change her mind as soon as possible. Thus, I may ignore the emotion needs of client, such as addressing her anger about feeling unresponsive of Mr. LEE. From this role-play, I have learned that, do not only focus on the intervention process but also need to cater and care about the feelings and emotions of client. It was a good experience for me to prepare the case work in the coming future. 1

Essay --

In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Mayella Ewell misleads the constituents of Maycomb about Tom Robinson because she knew the people would not approve of her actions of advancing on a man of different color. This event vividly explains the consequential aftermath of one race having feelings for another in the times of the Great Depression, specifically a white woman having feelings for an african american. She was afraid of what the townspeople would do to her, which was the main reason Mayella lied to the town of Maycomb. Mayella’s emotions gave away that she was lying during the trial. When Mayella was called to the stage, she said to Atticus "I got somethin' to say an' then I ain't gonna say no more. That nigger yonder took advantage of me an' if you fine fancy gentlemen don't wanta do nothin' about it then you're all yellow stinkin' cowards, stinkin' cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs don't come to nothin'—your ma'amin' and Miss Mayellerin' don't come to nothin', Mr. Finch-". If Mayella Ewell was really innocent, she wouldn’t have been as dramatic as she was while pleading her case. Mayella most likely would have told the truth with no wavering emotions. When Mayella was called to the stand she did this, â€Å"‘Him,’ she said, pointing at Atticus.† Mayella was afraid of Atticus during the trial because of the way he got her father, Bob Ewell, to give vital information to Tom’s benefit. She would not have been afraid of Atticus if she hadnâ€℠¢t known he could get the truth out of her, too. If Mayella had remained calm during the trial, she might have seemed a lot less guilty. Mayella Ewell did not admit to the truth because she was afraid of what the town would perceive of her actions. Atticus implied that... ...a white man harming a black man, the black man would be guilty of assaulting the white man. Thusly, there was little to no chance that the jury would believe anything Tom Robinson said. Mayella used the town’s racism to her advantage to get out of her sticky situation. In conclusion, Mayella Ewell lied to the citizens of Maycomb about Tom Robinson because she knew the people would not approve of her actions of advancing on a man of different color. She swore on the Bible to tell the truth, but failed to do so and told everyone Tom Robinson raped her. Even though Mayella clearly made that up and there wasn’t a substantial amount of evidence to prove Tom was guilty, he was still charged for raping Mayella because his skin color was different from hers. The moral of this event is to never judge someone by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.

Animal Dissection

Animal Dissection: No Longer Cutting Edge American Politics 115-01 Dr. Griffith Chelsea Morrison April 24, 2012 The use of animals in science that results in harm or death has traditionally played an integral role in education. Many thousands of animals have been killed worldwide during attempts to teach practical skills or to demonstrate scientific principles which have, in many cases, been established for decades. Anatomy and experimental physiology started to be practiced around 300 B. C. Notable scientists like Aristotle, Vesalius and Gale conducted countless scientific studies with the dissection of animals almost every day.If the law permitted, human cadavers were also dissected, but the use of animals in vivisection and dissection was generally less mired in ethical or religious concerns. Like today, animals were dissected not only to learn more about them, but also as surrogates for humans. Though animal and human dissections were used to educate medical students, artists suc h as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who wanted to learn to illustrate their subjects with better accuracy, also conducted dissections (Knight). They were also performed simply to illustrate the contents of ancient scientific texts.Later the 1500s, Andreas Vesalius, the founder of modern human anatomy, thought that dissection should be used to correctly teach students about anatomy instead of using illustrations in books, as well as to gain new knowledge (Knight). From this, Vesalius set the foundation for dissection as a teaching and research tool. In the early 1900s, the dissection of animals became more common in biology classes (Knight). Frog dissection was established in college level courses and eventually was taught in high schools.Around 1915, frogs became commercially available for use in education and by the 1920s, many high school classes considered frog dissection routine. A wider variety of animal dissection in high school became widespread after the Biological Scie nces Curriculum Study (BSCS). The BSCS was a federally-funded initiative in the 1960’s to create a science curriculum for elementary and high school students (Gilmore). Also as a result, more high schools offered advanced biology courses with the dissection of cats, minks, and fetal pigs, and even live animals.In 1998, it was estimated that animal dissection occurred in 75-80% of pre-college level biology classes (Gilmore). Most prevalently today, dissection of such animals is now in college anatomy courses. In fact, each year, an estimated 20 million animals – around 170 or more different species – are used in the U. S. in all areas of education and grade level (Capaldo). In most countries, veterinary students learn surgery through surgical practice on healthy animals and then killed afterwards by the students.It’s these practices that are controversial in veterinary school in concern for animals being harmed. But since harm accrues from any pain or disc omfort associated with such procedures, and it disrupts of the animals’ normal life, the dissections are harmful. With student being exposed to the vast amount of animal dissection worldwide, students are exhibiting an opinion being forced on them with no options to oppose dissection. Under the stress of forced dissection, education is also is disheartened.When forced to use animals in ways the student objects to, the student is traumatized and invariably learns less (Capaldo). But there are other options to animal dissection like â€Å"computer simulations, high quality videos, ‘ethically-sourced cadavers,’ such as from animals euthanized for medical reasons, preserved specimens, models and surgical simulators, non-invasive self-experimentation, and supervised clinical experiences†(Knight). Such options have been studied and proven to over and over to benefit both schools, educators and students.In a 2007 study, â€Å"twenty nine papers in which live ani mal dissection didn’t occur illustrated additional benefits of humane teaching methods in veterinary education† (PETA). These benefits include time and cost savings, enhanced potential for customisation and repeatability of the learning exercise, increased student confidence and satisfaction, increased compliance with animal use legislation, elimination of objections to the use of purpose-killed animals, and integration of clinical perspectives and ethics early in the curriculum.This evidence demonstrates that educators can best serve their students and animals, while minimising financial and time burdens, by introducing humane teaching methods that are not reliant on harmful animal use. Classroom dissection desensitizes students to the sanctity of life. Research has shown that a significant number of students at every educational level are uncomfortable with the use of animals in dissection and experimentation (PETA).Studies also suggest that exposing young people to a nimal dissection as ‘science’ can foster a callousness toward animals and nature and even dissuade some from pursuing careers in science. (Wadman) Students simply do not need to cut up animals to understand basic anatomy and physiology. In contradicting, students who plan to go into a medical field can do better to study humans in a controlled and supervised setting, examine human cadavers, or use any of the many non-animal learning methods available, such as those provided by computer models and sophisticated simulators.The simulation-based education would more accurately reflect what students will encounter when they get to medical school. This is in consideration that more than 90% of U. S. medical schools have abandoned the use of animals in their standard curricula (Wadman). Yet, despite the benefits, from 1986 to 2007, many academics remain opposed to the use of humane teaching methods (AAVS). I think more students haven’t stood up for their rights to not d issect because they do not even know where the animals are coming from and the process that occur.Pound seizure is a term that not many people are familiar with unless they are against humane animal dissection. Any animal shelter or pound that is located in a state that has a pound-seizure law, must turn over animals who are not claimed within a about five days, to laboratories that ask for them. These animals are then used in animal dissection or experiments and usually the healthiest animals are used for dissection.This presents an uncomfortable situation for families when they learn this because if their cat should run away and is not found for a week, chances are the cat has gone through pound seizure and since it’s a healthy house cat, their child might see her cat in the next dissection lab. Education institutions know this very well and support it because pound seizure provides an inexpensive and easy source of animals and allows educators to continue using animals ins tead of switching to better and humane alternatives that may require a financial outlay.For example, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center had bought cats for decades from a local animal shelter. They paid fifteen dollars for each cat and used the cats in cruel and deadly medical training exercises and dissections. Cats used had tubes lodged down their throats and needles stabbed into their chests, even though sophisticated simulators were available (City of Odessa). However, after PETA sprang a campaign that uncovered the school’s relationship with the shelter, the school stopped buying animals from the shelter and ended the use of animals in their courses (Hartman).More controversy is spiked from claims that the best educational learning is solely attributable to dissection on animals (Animal-Dissection); this is simply not true. An article published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine  evaluated the claims and concluded that it was not supported by any evidence (PETA). In fact, most animal dissections are not relevant to human health, don’t add meaningfully to medical advances, and many are done out of sheer curiosity and don’t even hold promise for curing illnesses.People are only under the misapprehension because the media, experimenters, universities and lobbying groups exaggerate the potential of animal dissection to lead to be the only way to learn and how they have helped in past medical advances- as in centuries ago with Galen, which is irrelevant with today’s technology-. In the last presidential election, 2012 midterms and most recent republican primaries, no laws or acts were implemented against animal dissection in education.The obvious reason is because the public is not concerned with the issue and is not being properly informed. In a 2009, a survey of opinions was conducted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to a general public of 2,000 adults. The poll reviled tha t â€Å"59% of the people thought regulations on animal research are not serious at all of an issue and only 27% said it’s a very serious issue†(PRCPP). However, past progress has been made, but it’s minimal.The following states have laws safeguarding students’ rights to choose humane alternatives over dissection without being penalized: Florida, California, Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Illinois, Virginia, Oregon, New Jersey and Vermont. Currently, student-choice legislation is pending in Connecticut. In Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Mexico the Board of Education have policies, and Louisiana passed a state resolution in 1992. Numerous schools and school boards have also independently enacted student-choice policies because of student-run campaigns.This information relates to Bill of Rights that is frequently discussed in class and what we have learned about one of its ten parts; the freedom of religion, speech, press, right of assembly, petition. PETA itself is a non-profit government organization that despite many people who disagree with their beliefs, still releases revolutionary and controversial articles such as this one because of its right to freedom of speech and press. Hundreds of large, infamous companies have been fined millions, given a bad reputation, and shut down like PLRS because of PETA.I am sure many large research companies that use animal testing, zoo’s, food industry CEO’s and others would like PETA to keep their mouths shut and silence their undercover workers so they can stop sweating through late night anxiety attacks about whether PETA will catch them red handed next. But, because PETA’s work is protected under the Bill of Rights, their beautiful, righteous, revolutionary, jaw-dropping and god-like work can continue to save millions of animals’ lives.I am for the new virtual dissections because of its significantly better educational attributes and it prevents in nocent animals from being victims of companies trying to make a quick profit. I would improve animal dissection in education by implementing a law that requires all education institutions to provide students with an option to dissect real animals or do the virtual dissection. In addition, the optional agreement must provide each student with a list of both the positive and negative facts about each option because not many students will know why they should choose one option over the other.This shows both a lack of awareness and education of the severity of animal experimentation. In order to allow the student to form their own opinion, they must be given the correct facts about both options. Plus, PETA provides a wonderful service that allows you to create your own leaflet (brochure) advocating an issue your concerned about so I would   start a campaign urging local high school students not to dissect animals, create leaflets for the students or download or  order PETA's anti-di ssection leaflets and then expand to my college. This issue greatly impacts my life now and in the future.Currently, I dissected a fetal pig last week and was told my juniors who are also majoring in biology, that I must also dissect a cat and human cadaver. I understand the person who died did not die for the purpose of being dissected and willing donated their body to science, unlike animals. If I had been informed of where the fetal pigs came from and if there was a virtual option available, I would have definitely chosen the virtual option. Therefore, I am comfortable dissecting the cadaver but not the cat or any other future animals for dissection.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Health And Social Care Essay

What is HIV/AIDS. Full name of HIV is Human immunodeficiency virus infection, which is virus, can destruct the human immune system, besides HIV was explored by Professor Luc Montagnier from Pasteur Institute, Germany. Full name of AIDS is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndro, which is one of disease caused by HIV. Virus will destruct the organic structure ‘s unsusceptibility, lat patients become weak, and unable to defy the varied infection and malignant neoplastic disease invasion.If I have HIV will hold AIDS?The AIDS virus can lie dormant in the organic structure for several old ages, until caused by some unknown ground to trip AIDS. Incubation period of grownups differ from individual to individual, some of them can incubate up to 10 old ages. Most of people, who have HIV during the incubation period, their organic structure is unhurt, it seems healthy. When the organic structure is infected by the virus, the white blood cells in the organic structure will of course make antibodies to contend off the virus. HIV blood trial to look for HIV antibodies. If the HIV antibody trial consequences confirmed that the organic structure, it means that this individual has been infected with the HIV. Until this minute, there is no dependable vaccinum to forestall HIV.Biopsychosocial ModelThe chief paths of HIV transmittal are sexual behavior, contaminated blood transfusions and subcutaneous acerate leafs, from female parent to child during gestation and blood and blood merchandises ( including unreal insemination, skin transplants and organ grafts ) .A ) Biological causes1. The sexual organ of Human is cover by a thin mucose membrane, seeds and vaginal secernments, which are contain the virus will reach these topographic point straight through sexual behavior, so that the virus will direct to other people in this minute. 2. In this society, we can non vouch 100 % no medical intervention mistake, patient transfuse the blood, which contain HIV or instill blood merchandises ( including unreal insemination, skin transplants and organ grafts ) 3. Individual wound contact the blood of HIV patient. 4. Any fishy to HIV-infected people should non utilize the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service for proving the HIV antibody, as the first three months of HIV-infected, the organic structure is unable to bring forth adequate antibodies, therefore failed the testing, but blood it contains the virus, if this clip donate blood, the virus may go through to others. 5. HIV-Infected adult females during gestation, the give birth procedure, or postpartum breastfeeding, there are 15-40 % female parent will convey the virus to their babes.B ) Psychological causesSexual transmittal Nowadays, most of immature people are funny on sex, they want to hold sexual behavior, so that they will seek to travel to wench and sex without rubber. Besides some of immature misss, who want to gain fast money, they will whoredom, therefore increases the hazard of infect HIV. Transmission through blood Besides teenager behavior is base on their equal, if their friends drugs, they will follow. If they use the HIV-infected acerate leafs may infect HIV.C ) Social causes1. Sharing HIV-infected acerate leafs for drug injection. 2. Use of HIV-infected medical equipment without right disinfection processs.ImpactsUnfortunately, if single confirmed to be infected with HIV, both of psychological and physiological they may get down to confront different of troubles.A ) Physiological degreePatient demand to accept the fact of disease and face of the decease all of a sudden, but it is easier said than done. Besides by and large, hospitalization required isolation, therefore increases patient solitariness, so may do to depression and squinch.B ) Psychological degreeMost of people, who got HIV/AIDS disease ever label by others as a sapphic, homosexual, bisexual and drug nuts, it will easy to bring forth feelings of guilt and lead to self-respect to be foiled.C ) Social degreePatient does non cognize how to inform and confront their household and friends, they afraid that the relationship between their household, friends and them will breakdown. Besides societal life will break up or insulate. Furthermore they may confront many force per unit area from household, friends and society, the followers are some force per unit areas that may confront.A ) The disease adaptation force per unit areaAs patients is damage to the immune system, ever infect by virus, after they start the medicine of drug treated, the side effects will allow them alterations of their face or organic structure, or caused to malignant neoplastic disease, etc. Disease ever impact on patient endurance beliefs straight.B ) Life adaptation force per unit areaAfter they got HIV/AIDS disease, they may experience that losing the significance of life, life ends and valuesaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , deficiency of motive for the hereafter and lose of decision-making power. In add-on, place disposal, environmental version and etc, besides let patients increase their force per unit area.C ) Social version force per unit areaThey may afraid that if their disease goes public, they will be face to favoritism, label by others, therefore theyA feel inferior and stray themselves, besides bad relationship between household and patient, so that life will lessening.D ) Emotional jobPatient may experience multiple senses of loss, A isolated, A fright, defeat, A compunction andA choler.Tocopherol ) The version of economic force per unit areaFrequently medical intervention whether the work can go on? Physical transmutation whether the work can execute?Health publicityWe believe that wellness is non merely we got no diseases, including province of mental, societal, economic wellness & A ; well-being, physical and religious. Besides wellness is a demand of life, non the end of life. Furthermore, wellness publicity is the procedure of enabling people to raise control over their wellness and its determiners, and therefore better their wellness. Finally, all people have a right to fulfill their life ( including sexual life ) , avoid stigma and favoritism on the footing of age, sexual orientation, cultural, gender/HIV province, ability, national beginning, cultural individuality. The followers are some wellness publicity. 1. Develop personal cognition and accomplishment Run workshop for community members Create HIV bar resources and runs Post wellness information on the wellness section web site 2. Enhance community actions Provide extended voluntary chance Administer the healthy Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender communities fund Keep the Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender resource Centre Participate in Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender community enterprises and events 3. Build supportive environment Challenge of stigma and favoritism Help the sex on premises venue forum Strengthen the safe sex civilization 4. Re-educate wellness service Provide Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender consciousness preparation Provide civilization consciousness preparation Talk about the barriers to Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender wellness Produce information on Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender wellness issues to serve 5. Put up healthy populace policy Are a voice on sexual wellness and HIV issues Are a voice on Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender wellness issues Are a voice on autochthonal Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual and transgender and sexual wellness issuesMotivational schemesPrevention1. Ensure both of them have Negative Result of HIV antibody testing, if your sex spouse unable to supply safety sex, and unwilling to make the bar of AIDS, should be reject the sexual behavior. 2. Keep a individual and fixed of sex spouse, trueness of sex spouse, correct to utilize of rubber, avoid sexual promiscuousness because sex spouse addition, hazard of infect AIDS are besides addition. 3. Absolutely can non non sharing acerate leafs and panpipes with others, to the bar of HIV infection. 4. When transfusion of blood or blood merchandise and organ graft, must be rigorous of proving and testing. Nowadays, some of people discuss with physician that storage ain blood for autologous blood transfusion before surgical operation. 5. Avoid unneeded transfusion of blood or organ graft. 6. Use disposable panpipes, acerate leafs. Before abandon panpipes, acerate leafs should be insert into a thorn non broken container to avoid stabbed others. 7. Ensure that provide organic structure piercing or tattooing services topographic point, the instrument is usage of right disinfection processs. 8. Make non portion shavers, razors, toothbrushes, nail limiters and other personal points with others. 9. Make non drug maltreatment. 10. Pregnant adult females should have HIV antibody proving to forestall mother-to-child transmittal of HIV